. Lenoir, A Significant Upward Shift in Plant Species Optimum Elevation During the 20th Century, Science, vol.14, issue.1505, p.1768, 2000.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2002.2134

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00309546

. Bertrand, Changes in plant community composition lag behind climate warming in lowland forests, Nature, vol.45, issue.7374, p.10, 1038.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1010933404324

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01001166

. Devictor, Differences in the climatic debts of birds and butterflies at a continental scale, Nature Climate Change, vol.2, issue.2, p.1164, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0018581

. Estes, Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth, Science, vol.11, issue.6040, p.301, 2011.
DOI : 10.1890/07-1818.1

. Lee, Bacterial charity work leads to population-wide resistance, Nature, vol.38, issue.7311, p.82, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/msb4100050

C. Prugnolle and . Chevillon, Evolution adaptative des pathogènes, mécanismes et conséquences épidémiologiques, Introduction à l'épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses et parasitaire de JF Guegan & M Choisy, pp.311-345, 2009.

D. Fauci and . Morens, The Perpetual Challenge of Infectious Diseases, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.366, issue.5, pp.454-61, 2012.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra1108296

R. Canton, Prevalence and spread of extended-spectrum ??-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.14, issue.1, pp.144-53, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01850.x

J. Besancenot, Notre santé à l'épreuve du changement climatique, Delachaux et Niestlé, 2007.