F. Tour-de, Tour de France 2013, 2013.

R. Paffenbarger, . Jr, R. Hyde, A. Wing, and C. Hsieh, Physical Activity, All-Cause Mortality, and Longevity of College Alumni, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.314, issue.10, pp.605-613, 1986.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM198603063141003

J. Berlin and G. Colditz, A META-ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.132, issue.4, pp.612-628, 1990.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115704

W. Haskell, I. Lee, R. Pate, K. Powell, S. Blair et al., Physical Activity and Public Health, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.39, issue.8, pp.1081-1093, 2007.
DOI : 10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b27

C. Wen, J. Wai, M. Tsai, Y. Yang, T. Cheng et al., Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study, The Lancet, vol.378, issue.9798, pp.1244-1253, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60749-6

P. Schnohr, J. Marott, P. Lange, and G. Jensen, Longevity in Male and Female Joggers: The Copenhagen City Heart Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.301, issue.1, pp.683-689, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb38230.x

B. Benito, G. Gay-jordi, A. Serrano-mollar, E. Guasch, Y. Shi et al., Cardiac Arrhythmogenic Remodeling in a Rat Model of Long-Term Intensive Exercise Training, Circulation, vol.123, issue.1, pp.13-22, 2010.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.938282

P. Schnohr, LONGEVITY AND CAUSES OF DEATH IN MALE ATHLETIC CHAMPIONS, The Lancet, vol.298, issue.7738, pp.1364-1366, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92377-4

M. Teramoto and T. Bungum, Mortality and longevity of elite athletes, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol.13, issue.4, pp.410-416, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.04.010

F. Sanchis-gomar, G. Olaso-gonzalez, C. D. Gomez-cabrera, M. , and V. J. , Increased Average Longevity among the ???Tour de France??? Cyclists, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.32, issue.08, pp.644-647, 2011.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0031-1271711

E. Helou, N. Berthelot, G. Thibault, V. Tafflet, M. Nassif et al., Tour de France, Giro, Vuelta, and classic European races show a unique progression of road cycling speed in the last 20 years, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.10, issue.3, pp.789-796, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/0026-1394/43/6/N02
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01753726

A. Lucia, C. Earnest, and C. Arribas, The Tour de France: a physiological review, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, vol.22, issue.5, pp.275-283, 2003.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-199622040-00004

D. Coyle, What He's Been Pedaling. The New York Times [Internet], 2006.

S. Padilla, I. Mujika, J. Santisteban, F. Impellizzeri, and J. Goiriena, Exercise intensity and load during uphill cycling in professional 3-week races, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.38, issue.4, pp.431-438, 2008.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199410000-00016

V. Lentillon-kaestner, The development of doping use in high-level cycling: From team-organized doping to advances in the fight against doping, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.9, issue.2, pp.189-197, 2013.
DOI : 10.1080/17430430500491272

M. Pärssinen, U. Kujala, E. Vartiainen, S. Sarna, and T. Seppälä, Increased Premature Mortality of Competitive Powerlifters Suspected to Have Used Anabolic Agents, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.21, issue.3, pp.225-227, 2000.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2000-304

J. Marchand, D??compte des personnes-ann??es avec SAS et calculs de SMR??: pr??sentation d???un programme simple pour faire des calculs de fa??on exacte, Revue d'??pid??miologie et de Sant?? Publique, vol.58, issue.5, pp.370-374, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respe.2010.03.004

F. Liddell, Simple exact analysis of the standardised mortality ratio., Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.38, issue.1, pp.85-88, 1984.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.38.1.85

A. Deligiannis, H. Bjö-rnstad, F. Carre, H. Heidbüchel, E. Kouidi et al., ESC Study Group of Sports Cardiology Position Paper on adverse cardiovascular effects of doping in athletes, European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, vol.113, issue.2, pp.687-694, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-5273(94)90022-1

A. Leon, J. Connett, D. Jacobs, . Jr, and R. Rauramaa, Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.258, issue.17, pp.2388-2395, 1987.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.258.17.2388

R. Pate, M. Pratt, S. Blair, W. Haskell, C. Macera et al., Physical Activity and Public Health, Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine, pp.402-407, 1995.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1995.03520290054029

J. Ector, J. Ganame, N. Van-der-merwe, B. Adriaenssens, L. Pison et al., Reduced right ventricular ejection fraction in endurance athletes presenting with ventricular arrhythmias: a quantitative angiographic assessment, European Heart Journal, vol.28, issue.3, pp.345-353, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl468

E. Guasch, B. Benito, X. Qi, C. Cifelli, P. Naud et al., Atrial Fibrillation Promotion by Endurance Exercise, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.62, issue.1, pp.68-77, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.091
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.091

L. Gerche, A. Burns, A. Mooney, D. Inder, W. Taylor et al., Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes, European Heart Journal, vol.96, issue.8, pp.998-1006, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/hrt.2008.160903

F. Breuckmann, S. Mö-hlenkamp, K. Nassenstein, N. Lehmann, S. Ladd et al., Myocardial Late Gadolinium Enhancement: Prevalence, Pattern, and Prognostic Relevance in Marathon Runners, Radiology, vol.251, issue.1, pp.50-57, 2009.
DOI : 10.1148/radiol.2511081118

E. Abergel, G. Chatellier, A. Hagege, A. Oblak, A. Linhart et al., Serial left ventricular adaptations in world-class professional cyclists: Implications for disease screening and follow-up, ACC Current Journal Review, vol.13, issue.10, pp.144-149, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.accreview.2004.08.066

E. Abergel, A. Linhart, G. Chatellier, J. Gariepy, A. Ducardonnet et al., Vascular and cardiac remodeling in world class professional cyclists, American Heart Journal, vol.136, issue.5, pp.818-823, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-8703(98)70126-7

D. Mozaffarian, C. Furberg, B. Psaty, and D. Siscovick, Physical Activity and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study, Circulation, vol.118, issue.8, pp.800-807, 2008.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.785626

M. Link, B. Olshansky, N. Estes, and . Iii, Cardiac arrhythmias and the athlete, Current Opinion in Cardiology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.24-29, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00001573-199901000-00005

S. Hood and R. Northcote, Cardiac assessment of veteran endurance athletes: a 12 year follow up study, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.33, issue.4, pp.239-243, 1999.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.33.4.239

S. Mö-hlenkamp, N. Lehmann, F. Breuckmann, M. Brö-cker-preuss, K. Nassenstein et al., Running: the risk of coronary events : Prevalence and prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners, European Heart Journal, vol.104, issue.8, pp.1903-1910, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01909-9

A. Michaelides, D. Soulis, C. Antoniades, A. Antonopoulos, A. Miliou et al., Exercise duration as a determinant of vascular function and antioxidant balance in patients with coronary artery disease, Heart, vol.97, issue.10, pp.832-837, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/hrt.2010.209080

J. Van-saase, W. Noteboom, and J. Vandenbroucke, Longevity of men capable of prolonged vigorous physical exercise: a 32 year follow up of 2259 participants in the Dutch eleven cities ice skating tour., BMJ, vol.301, issue.6766, pp.1409-1411, 1990.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.301.6766.1409

H. Frederiksen and K. Christensen, The influence of genetic factors on physical functioning and exercise in second half of life, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, vol.14, issue.1, pp.9-18, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s004390100466

A. Williams and J. Folland, Similarity of polygenic profiles limits the potential for elite human physical performance, The Journal of Physiology, vol.73, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.113-121, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/377590

M. Fogelholm, J. Kaprio, and S. Sarna, Healthy lifestyles of former Finnish world class athletes, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.26, issue.2, pp.224-229, 1994.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199402000-00013

U. Kujala, S. Sarna, J. Kaprio, H. Tikkanen, and M. Koskenvuo, Natural selection to sports, later physical activity habits, and coronary heart disease, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.34, issue.6, pp.445-449, 2000.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.34.6.445
URL : http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/34/6/445.full.pdf

K. Schaal, M. Tafflet, H. Nassif, V. Thibault, C. Pichard et al., Psychological Balance in High Level Athletes: Gender-Based Differences and Sport-Specific Patterns, PLoS ONE, vol.13, issue.5, p.19007, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0019007.t002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01718557

E. Taioli, All causes mortality in male professional soccer players, The European Journal of Public Health, vol.61, issue.7, pp.600-604, 2007.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000082162.85413.B3

E. Lehman, M. Hein, S. Baron, and C. Gersic, Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players, Neurology, vol.79, issue.19, pp.1970-1974, 2012.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826daf50

U. Kujala, H. Tikkanen, S. Sarna, E. Pukkala, J. Kaprio et al., Disease-Specific Mortality Among Elite Athletes, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.285, issue.1, pp.44-45, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.285.1.44

J. Grimsmo, S. Maehlum, P. Moelstad, and H. Arnesen, Mortality and cardiovascular morbidity among long-term endurance male cross country skiers followed for 28-30 years, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.13, issue.(4), pp.351-358, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.04.010

S. Belli and N. Vanacore, Proportionate mortality of Italian soccer players: Is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis an occupational disease?, European Journal of Epidemiology, vol.47, issue.3, pp.237-242, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10654-004-6879-7

P. Ragonese, G. Filippini, G. Salemi, E. Beghi, A. Citterio et al., Accuracy of Death Certificates for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Varies Significantly from North to South of Italy: Implications for Mortality Studies, Neuroepidemiology, vol.23, issue.1-2, pp.73-77, 2004.
DOI : 10.1159/000073978

J. Drezner, Contemporary approaches to the identification of athletes at risk for sudden cardiac death, Current Opinion in Cardiology, vol.23, issue.5, pp.494-501, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/HCO.0b013e32830b3624

J. Drezner, Detect, manage, inform: a paradigm shift in the care of athletes with cardiac disorders?, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.47, issue.1, pp.4-5, 2013.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091963

J. Drezner, B. Levine, and V. Vetter, Reframing the debate: Screening athletes to prevent sudden cardiac death, Heart Rhythm, vol.10, issue.3, pp.454-455, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.12.037

S. Chugh, Early identification of risk factors for sudden cardiac death, Nature Reviews Cardiology, vol.94, issue.6, pp.318-326, 2010.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.103.20.2447

C. Fox, J. Evans, M. Larson, L. , D. et al., A comparison of death certificate out-of-hospital coronary heart disease death with physician-adjudicated sudden cardiac death, The American Journal of Cardiology, vol.95, issue.7, pp.856-859, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.011