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, TABLE 1. -Correlation between the maximal force (F eff0 ), the maximal pedaling rate (f 0 ), and the maximal power output (P max .) measured on the complete cycle for each subject and the same values resulting from the force-velocity and the power-velocity relationships obtained in each functional sectors
, Correlation between the power output and the index of mechanical effectiveness on the complete cycle and during each of the functional sectors in three pedaling conditions of the power-velocity relationship (low = 80 rpm, medium = 117 rpm
, Total force (F tot ) produced at the shoepedal interface is decomposed in two components: a) an effective force (F eff ) acting perpendicularly to the crank and b) an ineffective component (F i ) acting along the crank. FIGURE 2 -Example of the total and effective force produced on the left pedal during a complete crank revolution at low (A), medium (B), and high (C) pedaling rate. 1: Top, sector 1; 2: downstroke, sector 2; 3: bottom sector 3; 4: upstroke, sector 4. Force and power characteristics of the subject (i.e., taking both legs into account), FIGURE 1 -Representation of the instrumented pedals
, effective force (filled circles, middle panel), and index of effectiveness (bottom panel) in relation to pedaling rate during the force-velocity cycling test. Data result from the three sprints of 5-s duration. For power output (quadratic model), total force (quadratic model), effective force (linear model), and index of effectiveness (quadratic model), the mean of individuals R 2 (N = 14) are mentioned on graphs. Gray limes (individual models) and black limes (mean trend curves) are shown for information and clarity purpose, FIGURE 3 -Power output total force (open circles Power output, force, and pedaling rate are normalized relatively to their maximal values P max , F eff0
, effective force (filled circles, middle panels), and index of effectiveness (bottom panels) in relation to pedaling rate during the force?velocity cycling test for the four functional sectors. Data are averaged over downstroke, upstroke, bottom, and top (for angle details, see Fig. 1) Linear models: power output in bottom; total force in downstroke and bottom; effective force in downstroke, upstroke, and top; and IE in bottom Quadratic models: power output in downstroke, upstroke, and top; total force in upstroke and top; and IE in upstroke and top. When mentioned, mean R 2 represents the mean of individual Gray limes (individual models) and black limes (mean trend curves) are shown for information and clarity purpose, FIGURE 4 -Power output total force (open circles Power output, force, and pedaling rate are normalized relatively to the same maximal values as in Figure 3
, FIGURE 5 -Mean power output produced during each of the four functional sectors in three pedaling conditions of the force-velocity relationship. Numerical values ± SD in histograms are expressed as the percentage of total power output produced on the entire cycle (i.e., contribution) S1: top; S2: downstroke; S3: bottom