P. Aagaard, E. Simonsen, J. Andersen, P. Magnusson, and P. Dyhre-poulsen, Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.75, issue.4, pp.1318-1326, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.295by.x

W. Allen, D. Seals, B. Hurley, A. Ehsani, and J. Hagberg, Lactate threshold and distancerunning performance in young and older endurance athletes, J ApplPhysiol, vol.58, pp.1281-1284, 1985.

C. Barclay, Mechanical efficiency and fatigue of fast and slow muscles of the mouse., The Journal of Physiology, vol.497, issue.3, pp.781-794, 1996.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021809

J. Bastiaans, A. Van-diemen, T. Veneberg, and A. Jeukendrup, The effects of replacing a portion of endurance training by explosive strength training on performance in trained cyclists, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.86, issue.1, pp.79-84, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s004210100507

F. Bieuzen, C. Hausswirth, J. Louis, and J. Brisswalter, Age-Related Changes in Neuromuscular Function and Performance following a High-Intensity Intermittent Task in Endurance-Trained Men, Gerontology, vol.56, issue.1, 2010.
DOI : 10.1159/000262286
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01781794

, Gerontology, vol.56, pp.66-72

D. Bishop, D. Jenkins, L. Mackinnon, M. Mceniery, and M. Carey, The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.31, issue.6, pp.886-891, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199906000-00018

T. Carroll, B. Barry, S. Riek, and R. Carson, Resistance training enhances the stability of sensorimotor coordination, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.268, issue.1464, pp.221-227, 2001.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2000.1356

A. Chesley, J. Macdougall, M. Tarnopolsky, S. Atkinson, and K. Smith, Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.73, issue.4, pp.1383-1388, 1992.
DOI : 10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1383

E. Coyle, Improved muscular efficiency displayed as Tour de France champion matures, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.98, issue.6, pp.2191-2196, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/jappl.1969.27.1.25

E. Coyle, L. Sidossis, J. Horowitz, and J. Beltz, Cycling efficiency is related to the percentage of Type I muscle fibers, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.24, issue.7, pp.782-788, 1992.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199207000-00008

M. Crow and M. Kushmerick, Chemical energetics of slow- and fast-twitch muscles of the mouse, The Journal of General Physiology, vol.79, issue.1, 1982.
DOI : 10.1085/jgp.79.1.147

, J Gen Physiol, vol.79, pp.147-166

P. Diprampero, G. Atchou, J. Bruckner, and C. Moia, The energetics of endurance running, Eur J ApplPhysiolOccupPhysiol, vol.55, pp.259-266, 1986.

J. Faulkner, C. Davis, C. Mendias, and S. Brooks, The Aging of Elite Male Athletes: Age-Related Changes in Performance and Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function, Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol.18, issue.6, pp.501-507, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181845f1c

W. Frontera, C. Meredith, O. Reilly, K. Knuttgen, H. Evans et al., Strength Conditioning in Older Men, Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, vol.8, issue.6, pp.1038-1044, 1988.
DOI : 10.1097/00008483-198806000-00005

G. Gaesser and G. Brooks, Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise: effects of speed and work rate, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1132-1139, 1975.
DOI : 10.1152/jappl.1975.38.6.1132

K. Hakkinen, M. Kallinen, M. Izquierdo, K. Jokelainen, H. Lassila et al.,

M. Alen, Changes in agonist-antagonist EMG, muscle CSA, and force during strength training in middle-aged and older people, J ApplPhysiol, vol.84, pp.1341-1349, 1998.

K. Hakkinen and K. Keskinen, Muscle cross-sectional area and voluntary force production characteristics in elite strength- and endurance-trained athletes and sprinters, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.20, issue.Suppl, pp.215-220, 1989.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-198315060-00003

K. Hakkinen, R. Newton, S. Gordon, M. Mccormick, J. Volek et al., Changes in Muscle Morphology, Electromyographic Activity, and Force Production Characteristics During Progressive Strength Training in Young and Older Men, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.53, issue.6, pp.415-423, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/53A.6.B415
URL : https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-pdf/53A/6/B415/1537111/53A-6-B415.pdf

E. Hansen, T. Raastad, and J. Hallen, Strength training reduces freely chosen pedal rate during submaximal cycling, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.33, issue.4, pp.419-426, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199803000-00016

J. Hoff, A. Gran, and J. Helgerud, Maximal strength training improves aerobic endurance performance, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, vol.30, issue.4, pp.288-295, 2002.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199806000-00029

L. Holm, S. Reitelseder, T. Pedersen, S. Doessing, S. Petersen et al.,

M. Kjaer, Changes in muscle size and MHC composition in response to resistance exercise with heavy and light loading intensity, J ApplPhysiol, vol.105, pp.1454-1461, 2008.

J. Horowitz, L. Sidossis, and E. Coyle, High Efficiency of Type I Muscle Fibers Improves Performance, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.15, issue.03, pp.152-157, 1994.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2007-1021038

E. Howley, D. Bassett, J. Welch, and H. , Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.27, issue.9, pp.1292-1301, 1995.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199509000-00009

N. Jackson, M. Hickey, and R. Reiser, High resistance/low repetition vs. low resistance/high repetition training: effects on performance of trained cyclists, J Strength Cond Res, vol.21, pp.2-289, 2007.

P. Jokl, P. Sethi, and A. Cooper, Master's performance in the New York City Marathon, 1983.

, Br J Sports Med, vol.38, pp.408-412

R. Lepers, Analysis of Hawaii Ironman Performances in Elite Triathletes from 1981 to 2007, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.40, issue.10, pp.1828-1834, 1981.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817e91a4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00325831

R. Lepers, F. Sultana, T. Bernard, C. Hausswirth, and J. Brisswalter, Age-Related Changes in Triathlon Performances, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.31, issue.04, pp.251-256, 2010.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0029-1243647
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00752141

R. Lepers and N. Maffiuletti, Age and Gender Interactions in Ultraendurance Performance, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.43, issue.1, pp.134-139, 2011.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e57997
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00702352

J. Lexell, Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition, J Gerontol A BiolSci Med Sci, vol.50, pp.11-16, 1995.

J. Louis, C. Hausswirth, F. Bieuzen, and J. Brisswalter, Muscle Strength and Metabolism in Master Athletes, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.30, issue.10, pp.754-759, 2009.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0029-1231046
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01713200

J. Louis, C. Hausswirth, F. Bieuzen, and J. Brisswalter, Vitamin and mineral supplementation effect on muscular activity and cycling efficiency in master athletes, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, vol.35, issue.2, pp.251-260, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.02.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01724296

D. Loveless, C. Weber, L. Haseler, and D. Schneider, Maximal Leg-Strength Training Improves Cycling Economy in Previously Untrained Men, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.37, issue.7, pp.1231-1236, 2005.
DOI : 10.1249/01.mss.0000170071.33880.f8

A. Macaluso, D. Vito, and G. , Muscle strength, power and adaptations to resistance training in older people, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.91, issue.4, pp.450-472, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-003-0991-3

J. Macdougall, M. Tarnopolsky, A. Chesley, and S. Atkinson, Changes in muscle protein synthesis following heavy resistance exercise in humans: a pilot study, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.69, issue.3, pp.403-404, 1992.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199103000-00011

G. Millet, B. Jaouen, F. Borrani, and R. Candau, Effects of concurrent endurance and strength training on running economy and &OV0312;O2 kinetics, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.34, issue.8, pp.1351-1359, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-200208000-00018

M. Mogensen, M. Bagger, P. Pedersen, M. Fernstrom, and K. Sahlin, Cycling efficiency in humans is related to low UCP3 content and to type I fibres but not to mitochondrial efficiency, The Journal of Physiology, vol.26, issue.3, pp.669-681, 2006.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199411000-00009

L. Moseley and A. Jeukendrup, The reliability of cycling efficiency, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol.33, pp.621-627, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-200104000-00017

J. Peiffer, C. Abbiss, D. Chapman, P. Laursen, and D. Parker, Physiological Characteristics of Masters-Level Cyclists, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.22, issue.5, pp.1434-1440, 2008.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318181a0d2

D. Pincivero, C. Gandaio, and Y. Ito, Gender-specific knee extensor torque, flexor torque, and muscle fatigue responses during maximal effort contractions, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.89, issue.2, pp.134-141, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-002-0739-5

M. Sacchetti, M. Lenti, D. Palumbo, A. , and D. Vito, Different Effect of Cadence on Cycling Efficiency between Young and Older Cyclists, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.42, pp.2128-2133
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e05526

A. Santalla, J. Naranjo, and N. Terrados, Muscle Efficiency Improves over Time in World-Class Cyclists, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.41, issue.5, pp.1096-1101, 2009.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318191c802

P. Saunders, D. Pyne, R. Telford, and J. Hawley, Factors Affecting Running Economy in Trained Distance Runners, Sports Medicine, vol.68, issue.6, pp.465-485, 2004.
DOI : 10.1139/h01-010

A. St-clair-gibson, M. Lambert, and T. Noakes, Neural Control of Force Output During Maximal and Submaximal Exercise, Sports Medicine, vol.20, issue.6, pp.637-650, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199705000-00001

O. Storen, J. Helgerud, E. Stoa, and J. Hoff, Maximal Strength Training Improves Running Economy in Distance Runners, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.40, issue.6, pp.1087-1092, 2008.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318168da2f

A. Sunde, O. Storen, M. Bjerkaas, M. Larsen, J. Hoff et al., Maximal Strength Training Improves Cycling Economy in Competitive Cyclists, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.24, issue.8, pp.2157-2165, 2010.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb16a

H. Tanaka and D. Seals, Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms, The Journal of Physiology, vol.75, issue.1, pp.55-63, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-200006000-00021

H. Tanaka and T. Swensen, Impact of Resistance Training on Endurance Performance, Sports Medicine, vol.25, issue.3, pp.191-200, 1998.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-199825030-00005

K. Wasserman, B. Whipp, S. Koyl, and W. Beaver, Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise., Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.35, issue.2, pp.236-243, 1973.
DOI : 10.1152/jappl.1973.35.2.236

L. Yamamoto, R. Lopez, J. Klau, D. Casa, W. Kraemer et al., The Effects of Resistance Training on Endurance Distance Running Performance Among Highly Trained Runners: A Systematic Review, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.22, issue.6, pp.2036-2044, 2008.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318185f2f0

. Tmean,

F. Index, (. Fi, and %. ,

, Values are expressed as mean ± SD * significantly different from Pre condition (P<0.05) ? significantly different from young (P<0.05) § significantly different from wk1 condition

. Tmean, ) mean of the maximal torque developed during the extension phase of the End test, Delta torque (N.m.kg -1 ) mean difference between the last five and five first extensions, Fatigue Index (%) percent decrease between the last five and five first extensions Table 3 Mechanical, metabolic and cardio-respiratory parameters recorded for submaximal constant cycling exercises performed before (pre) and after (post) the training period, in masters and young. Pre Post Masters Young Masters Young Mechanical parameters P warm-up (W) 100

D. Efficiency, (. De, and %. ,

, Cardio-ventilatory parameters Heart rate

, Minute ventilation

, Values are expressed as mean ± SD * significantly different from Pre condition (P<0.05) ? significantly different from young