N. Bernstein, . Ts, D. Lloyd, !. K. Mana, and T. Besier, Coordination and regulation of movements Neuromusculoskeletal modeling: estimation of muscle forces and joint moments and movements from measurements of neural command, J Appl Biomech, vol.20, pp.367-395, 1967.

A. Burden, M. Trew, and V. Baltzopoulos, Normalisation of gait EMGs: a re-examination, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol.13, issue.6, pp.519-532, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1050-6411(03)00082-8

P. Cavanagh and P. Kami, Electromechanical delay in human skeletal muscle under concentric and eccentric contractions, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.159-163, 1979.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00431022

A. Chapman, B. Vicenzino, P. Blanch, and P. Hodges, Patterns of leg muscle recruitment vary between novice and highly trained cyclists, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol.18, issue.3, pp.359-371, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.12.007

A. Dai-monte, A. Manoni, and S. Fucci, Biomechanical Study of Competitive Cycling, Biomechanics III, pp.434-439, 1973.
DOI : 10.1159/000393786

J. Dingwell, J. Ulbrecht, J. Bach, M. Becker, O. Gorman et al., Neuropathic gait shows only trends towards increased variability of sagittal plane kinematics during treadmill locomotion, Gait & Posture, vol.10, issue.1, pp.21-29, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00016-8

!. S. Dore, A. Couturier, and F. Hug, Influence of different racing positions on mechanical and electromyographic patterns during pedalling, Scand J Med Sei Sports, 2008.

!. S. Dore, A. Couturier, and F. Hug, Intra-session repeatability of lower limb muscles activation pattern during pedaling, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 2008.

M. Ericson, On the biomechanics of cycling. A study of joint and muscle Joad dming exercise on the bicycle ergometer, Scand J Rehabil Med, vol.16, pp.1-43, 1986.

R. Gregor, P. Cavanagh, and M. Lafortune, Knee flexor moments during propulsion in cycling???A creative solution to Lombard's Paradox, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.18, issue.5, pp.307-31610, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(85)90286-6

R. Gregor, P. Kami, R. Browning, and M. Jarvinen, A comparison of the triceps surae and residual mu scle moments at the ankle during cycling, J Biomech, vol.249034, issue.91, pp.287-297, 1991.

H. Hermens, B. Freriks, C. Disselhorst-klug, and G. Rau, Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol.10, issue.5, pp.361-374, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00027-4

F. Hug and !. Dore, Electromyographic analysis of pedaling: A review, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol.19, issue.2, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.10.010

F. Hug, D. Bendahan, L. Fur, Y. Cozzone, P. Grelot et al., Heterogeneity of muscle recruitment pattern dming pedaling in professional raad cyclists: a magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography study, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.92, pp.334-342, 2004.

M. Hull and R. Davis, Measurement of pedal loading in bicycling: l. Instrumentation, J Biomech, vol.1410, issue.81, pp.843-856, 1981.

S. Kautz, M. Feltner, and E. Coyle, The Pedaling Technique of Elite Endurance Cyclists: Changes with Increasing Workload at Constant Cadence, International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, vol.7, issue.1, pp.29-53, 1991.
DOI : 10.1123/ijsb.7.1.29

M. Lafortune and P. Cavanagh, Effectiveness and efficiency during cycling riding In: Biomechanics VIII-B: international series on biomechanics. Human Kinetics, pp.928-936, 1983.

L. Li and G. Caldwell, Coefficient of cross conelation and the time domain conespondence, J Electromyogr Kine siol, vol.9, issue.99, pp.1050-641100012, 1999.

G. Mirka, The quantification of EMG normalization error, Ergonomics, vol.16, issue.3, pp.343-352, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(87)90305-8

D. Rouffet and C. Hautier, EMG normalization to study mu scle activation in cycling, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.03.008

T. Rowe, M. Hull, and E. Wang, A Pedal Dynamometer for Off-Road Bicycling, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.116, issue.1, pp.160-164, 1998.
DOI : 10.1123/ijsb.6.4.404

M. Ryan and R. Gregor, EMG profiles of lower extremity muscles during cycling at constant workload and cadence, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol.2, issue.2, pp.69-80, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/1050-6411(92)90018-E

D. Sanderson, The influence of cadence and power output on the biomechanics of force application during steady???rate cycling in competitive and recreational cyclists, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.17, issue.2, pp.191-203, 1991.
DOI : 10.1080/00140137708931658

D. Sanderson and A. Black, The effect of prolonged cycling on pedal forces, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.54, issue.3, pp.191-199, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/02701367.1983.10605273

D. Sanderson, E. Hennig, and A. Black, The influence of cadence and power output on force application and in-shoe pressure distribution during cycling by competitive and recreational cyclists, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.15, issue.3, pp.173-181, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00042752-199404000-00009

G. Shan, Biomechanical evaluation of bike power saver, Applied Ergonomics, vol.39, issue.1, pp.37-45, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apergo.2007.03.004

R. Shiavi, J. Boume, and A. Holland, Automated extraction of activity features in linea.r envelopes of locomotor electromyographic patterns, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, vol.33, 1986.

, ~ Springer Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.104, pp.667-678, 2008.

R. Shiavi, H. Bugle, and T. Limbird, Electromyographic gait assess ment, Part 1: adult EMG profiles and walking speed, J Rehabi l Res Dev, vol.24, pp.13-23, 1987.

B. Van-bolhuis, C. Gielen, . Van-ingen, G. Schenau, P. Boots et al., A compa.tison of models explaining muscle activation patterns for isomettic contractions The constrained control of force and positi on in multi-joint movements Electromechanical delay in the vastus lateralis muscle during dynarnic isometric contractions EMG profiles during normal human walking: stride-to-sttide and inter-subject variability, Biol Cybern Neuroscience Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol Electi·oencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, vol.8187, issue.67, pp.249-261, 1016.

T. Wren, K. Do, S. Rethlefsen, and B. Healy, Cross-con·elation as a method for comparing dynamic electromyography signais dming gait, J Biomech, vol.39, 2006.

J. Yang and D. Winter, Electromyographic amplitude normalization methods: improving their sensitivity as diagnostic tools in gait analysis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.65, pp.517-521, 1984.