. Graphique-4, Dispersion des points FIS en fonction de l'âge en descente (DH), super G (SG), slalom géant (GS) et slalom (SL), 1980.

D. Chez-les-femmes,-en, la médiane totale dans les groupes LCA et NLCA est respectivement de 59,1 (Q1=30,4 ; Q2=107,0) et de 56,7 (Q1=35,2 ; Q3=90,0) alors qu'en SG (SG-F) elle est de 38, Q1=23,3 ; Q3=66,2) et de 42). En SL (SL-F) elle représente 31

A. Sedeaud, Caractéristiques anthropométriques et performances de haut niveau: évolutions, indicateurs et optimisations, 2013.

V. M. Shah, J. R. Andrews, G. S. Fleisig, C. S. Mcmichael, and L. J. Lemak, Return to Play after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in National Football League Athletes, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.37, issue.4, pp.38-2233, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-8063(00)90127-0

J. E. Shealy, C. F. Ettlinger, and R. J. Johnson, Aging trends in Alpine skiing, Journal of ASTM International (JAI), vol.7, issue.4, 2010.

J. E. Shealy and C. F. Ettlinger, Gender-Related Injury Patterns in Skiing, ASTM special technical publication, vol.1266, pp.45-57, 1996.
DOI : 10.1520/STP37913S

K. D. Shelbourne and T. Gray, Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous patellar tendon graft followed by accelerated rehabilitation A two-to nine-year followup. The American journal of sports medicine, pp.25-786, 1997.

K. D. Shelbourne and S. E. Urch, Primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the contralateral autogenous patellar tendon. The American journal of sports medicine, pp.651-658, 2000.

E. Sherry and L. Fenelon, Trends in skiing injury type and rates in Australia. A review of 22,261 injuries over 27 years in the Snowy Mountains, The Medical Journal of Australia, issue.8, pp.155-513, 1991.

S. J. Shultz, Y. Shimokochi, A. Nguyen, R. J. Schmitz, B. D. Beynnon et al., Measurement of varus???valgus and internal???external rotational knee laxities in vivo???Part II: relationship with anterior???posterior and general joint laxity in males and females, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.24, issue.8, pp.989-996, 2007.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620X.87B6.15833

H. J. Silvers, B. R. Mandelbaum, O. Adeniji, S. Insler, M. Bizzini et al., The Efficacy Of The Fifa 11+ Injury Prevention Program In The Collegiate Male Soccer Player, Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.2, issue.7_suppl2, pp.2325967114-00082, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/2325967114S00082

R. E. Smith, F. L. Smoll, and J. T. Ptacek, Conjunctive moderator variables in vulnerability and resiliency research: Life stress, social support and coping skills, and adolescent sport injuries., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.58, issue.2, pp.360-370, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.360

G. N. Somero, Thermal Physiology and Vertical Zonation of Intertidal Animals: Optima, Limits, and Costs of Living, Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol.42, issue.4, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/42.4.780

D. W. Spaite, M. Murphy, E. A. Criss, T. D. Valenzuela, and H. W. Meislin, A prospective analysis of injury severity among helmeted and nonhelmeted bicyclists involved in collisions with motor vehicles, The Journal of Trauma, issue.11, pp.31-1510, 1991.

C. M. Spengler and S. A. Shea, Endogenous Circadian Rhythm of Pulmonary Function in Healthy Humans, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.53, issue.3, pp.1038-1046, 2000.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.114.3.861

K. P. Spindler, J. E. Kuhn, K. B. Freedman, C. E. Matthews, R. S. Dittus et al., Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Autograft Choice: Bone-Tendon-Bone versus Hamstring, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.198, issue.8, pp.32-1986, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/jars.2001.21242

C. J. Standaert, S. A. Herring, and R. C. Cantu, Expert Opinion and Controversies in Sports and Musculoskeletal Medicine: Concussion in the Young Athlete, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.88, issue.8, pp.88-1077, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.06.002

S. Stanojevic, A. Wade, J. Stocks, J. Hankinson, A. L. Coates et al., Reference Ranges for Spirometry Across All Ages, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.177, issue.3, pp.253-260200708, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1465-9921-8-14

K. Steffen, W. H. Meeuwisse, M. Romiti, J. Kang, C. Mckay et al., Evaluation of how different implementation strategies of an injury prevention programme (FIFA 11+) impact team adherence and injury risk in Canadian female youth football players: a cluster-randomised trial, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.47, issue.8, pp.2012-091887, 2013.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091887

J. M. Steinacker, W. Lormes, M. Kellmann, Y. Liu, S. Reissnecker et al., Training of junior rowers before world championships, 2000.

R. W. Viola, J. R. Steadman, S. D. Mair, K. K. Briggs, and W. I. Sterett, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Incidence Among Male and Female Professional Alpine Skiers, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.20, issue.6, pp.27-792, 1999.
DOI : 10.3109/17453679409000907

M. Vollrath, D. Knoch, and L. Cassano, Personality, risky health behaviour, and perceived susceptibility to health risks, European Journal of Personality, vol.65, issue.1, pp.39-50, 1999.
DOI : 10.3109/10826089009053165

URL : http://web4.uwindsor.ca/users/f/fsirois/personality.nsf/831fc2c71873e46285256d6e006c367a/c6247d71a3e97a4485257261005da15b/$FILE/Personality, Risky Behav, _ Perceived risk....pdf

W. J. Warme, J. A. Feagin, P. King, K. L. Lambert, and R. R. Cunningham, Ski Injury Statistics, Jackson Hole Ski Resort. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.23, issue.5, pp.597-60010, 1177.

J. M. Webb, I. S. Corry, A. J. Clingeleffer, and L. A. Pinczewski, Endoscopic reconstruction for isolated anterior cruciate ligament rupture, Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, issue.2, pp.80-288, 1998.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620x.80b2.0800288

K. E. Webster, J. A. Feller, W. B. Leigh, and A. K. Richmond, Younger patients are at increased risk for graft rupture and contralateral injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The American journal of sports medicine, pp.42-641, 2014.

A. T. White and S. C. Johnson, Physiological Aspects and Injury in Elite Alpine Skiers, Sports Medicine, vol.15, issue.3, pp.170-178, 1993.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-199315030-00003

E. A. Wikstrom, M. D. Tillman, T. L. Chmielewski, and P. A. Borsa, Measurement and Evaluation of Dynamic Joint Stability of the Knee and Ankle After Injury, Sports Medicine, vol.82, issue.6, pp.393-410, 2006.
DOI : 10.1123/jsr.10.1.24

J. M. Williams and M. B. Andersen, Psychosocial Influences on Central and Peripheral Vision and Reaction Time During Demanding Tasks, Behavioral Medicine, vol.46, issue.4, pp.160-167, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-006X.46.5.932

J. M. Williams and M. B. Andersen, Psychosocial antecedents of sport injury: Review and critique of the stress and injury model', Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.5-25, 1998.
DOI : 10.1177/0146167294203010

J. M. Williams, P. Tonymon, and M. B. Andersen, Effects of Life-Event Stress on Anxiety and Peripheral Narrowing, Behavioral Medicine, vol.10, issue.4, pp.174-181, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00844267

R. M. Williams-avery and D. P. Mackinnon, Injuries and use of protective equipment among college in-line skaters, Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol.28, issue.6, pp.779-784, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-4575(96)00040-1

J. R. Wright, E. G. Hixson, and J. J. Rand, Injury patterns in nordic ski jumpers, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.14, issue.5, pp.393-397, 1980.
DOI : 10.1177/036354658501300208

L. R. Young, C. M. Oman, H. Crane, A. Emerton, and R. Heide, The etiology of ski injuries: an eight year study of the skier and his equipment. The Orthopedic Clinics of North America, pp.13-29, 1976.

L. R. Young and S. M. Lee, Alpine Injury Pattern at Waterville Valley?1989 Update. Skiing Trauma and Safety: Eighth International Symposium, ASTM STP, vol.1104, pp.125-132, 1991.
DOI : 10.1520/stp17637s

S. Zaffagnini, D. Bruni, A. Russo, Y. Takazawa, M. Lo-presti et al., ST/G ACL reconstruction: double strand plus extra?articular sling vs double bundle, randomized study at 3?year follow?up. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, pp.573-581, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00697.x

M. Zuckerman, Sensation seeking and sports, Personality and Individual Differences, vol.4, issue.3, pp.285-29210, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90150-2

J. Schipman, Jean-François Toussaint Environment and Scheduling Effects on Sprint and Middle Distance Running Performances

R. 1. Berthelot, G. Thibault, V. Tafflet, M. Escolano, S. et al., The Citius End: World Records Progression Announces the Completion of a Brief Ultra-Physiological Quest, PLoS ONE, vol.174, issue.2, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0001552.s005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01712689

G. Atkinson and B. Drust, Seasonal Rhythms and Exercise, Clinics in Sports Medicine, vol.24, issue.2, pp.25-34, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.csm.2004.11.001

E. Magnanou, J. Attia, R. Fons, G. Boeuf, and J. Falcon, The Timing of the Shrew: Continuous Melatonin Treatment Maintains Youthful Rhythmic Activity in Aging Crocidura russula, PLoS ONE, vol.4, issue.6, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0005904.g004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413982

G. Lincoln, J. Johnston, H. Andersson, G. Wagner, and D. Hazlerigg, Photorefractoriness in Mammals: Dissociating a Seasonal Timer from the Circadian-Based Photoperiod Response, Endocrinology, vol.146, issue.9, pp.3782-3790, 2005.
DOI : 10.1210/en.2005-0132

D. Boivin, C. Czeisler, D. Dijk, J. Duffy, and S. Folkard, Complex Interaction of the Sleep-Wake Cycle and Circadian Phase Modulates Mood in Healthy Subjects, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.54, issue.2, pp.145-152, 1997.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830140055010

C. Spengler and S. Shea, Endogenous Circadian Rhythm of Pulmonary Function in Healthy Humans, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.53, issue.3, pp.1038-1046, 2000.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.114.3.861

G. Mccormack, C. Friedenreich, A. Shiell, B. Giles-corti, and P. Doyle-baker, Sex- and age-specific seasonal variations in physical activity among adults, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.64, issue.11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.2009.092841

S. Hamilton, S. Clemes, and P. Griffiths, UK adults exhibit higher step counts in summer compared to winter months, Annals of Human Biology, vol.894, issue.2, pp.154-169, 2008.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199306000-00017

C. Chan, D. Ryan, and C. Tudor-locke, Relationship between objective measures of physical activity and weather: a longitudinal study, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol.3, issue.1, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199911000-00019

F. Desgorces, G. Berthelot, E. Helou, N. Thibault, V. Guillaume et al., From Oxford to Hawaii Ecophysiological Barriers Limit Human Progression in Ten Sport Monuments, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.11, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003653.t002

F. Marino, M. Lambert, and T. Noakes, Superior performance of African runners in warm humid but not in cool environmental conditions, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.96, issue.1, pp.124-130, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/jappl.1963.18.2.361

E. Helou, N. Tafflet, M. Berthelot, G. Tolaini, J. Marc et al., Impact of Environmental Parameters on Marathon Running Performance, PLoS ONE, vol.106, issue.2, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0037407.s003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01771526

S. Cheuvront and E. Haymes, Thermoregulation and Marathon Running, Sports Medicine, vol.221, issue.9, pp.743-762, 2001.
DOI : 10.1080/02701367.1981.10607869

R. Kenefick, S. Cheuvront, and M. Sawka, Thermoregulatory Function During the Marathon, Sports Medicine, vol.6, issue.10, pp.312-315, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/15438629609512056

URL : http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481458&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

. Weather-underground-website, Internet weather service Available: http:// www.wunderground.com/history, 2012.

A. Field, Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 2009.

R. Foster and T. Roenneberg, Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles, Current Biology, vol.18, issue.17, pp.784-794, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003

J. Steinacker, W. Lormes, M. Kellmann, Y. Liu, and S. Reissnecker, Training of junior rowers before world championships. Effects on performance, mood state and selected hormonal and metabolic responses, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, vol.40, pp.327-335, 2000.

D. Costill, R. Thomas, R. Robergs, D. Pascoe, and C. Lambert, Adaptations to swimming training, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol.23, issue.3, pp.371-377, 1991.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199103000-00017

I. Mujika, Intense training: the key to optimal performance before and during the taper, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.3, issue.2, pp.24-31, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/02640418708729782

M. Ely, D. Martin, S. Cheuvront, and S. Montain, Effect of Ambient Temperature on Marathon Pacing Is Dependent on Runner Ability, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.40, issue.9, pp.1675-1680, 2008.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181788da9

S. Montain, M. Ely, and S. Cheuvront, Marathon Performance in Thermally Stressing Conditions, Sports Medicine, vol.24, issue.3, pp.320-323, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/09332480.1999.10542170

M. Ely, S. Cheuvront, W. Roberts, and S. Montain, Impact of Weather on Marathon-Running Performance, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.39, issue.3, pp.487-493, 2007.
DOI : 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802d3aba

S. Galloway and R. Maughan, Effects of ambient temperature on the capacity to perform prolonged cycle exercise in man, Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise, vol.29, issue.9, pp.1240-1249, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199709000-00018

G. Atkinson and T. Reilly, Circadian Variation in Sports Performance, Sports Medicine, vol.21, issue.4, pp.292-312, 1996.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-199621040-00005

G. Somero, Thermal Physiology and Vertical Zonation of Intertidal Animals: Optima, Limits, and Costs of Living, Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol.42, issue.4, pp.780-789, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/42.4.780

A. Bennett, Temperature and muscle, J Exp Biol, vol.115, pp.333-344, 1985.

K. Josephson, Contraction dynamics of flight and stridulatory muscles of tettigoniid insects, J Exp Biol, vol.108, pp.77-96, 1984.

A. Therminarias, A. Quirion, and E. Pellerei, Effets de l'exposition au froid sur les variations plasmatiques du lactate et des ions induites par un exercice musculaire a??robie intense, Science & Sports, vol.2, issue.1, pp.1-8, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/S0765-1597(87)80039-4

K. Koehler, H. Braun, S. Achtzehn, U. Hildebrand, and H. Predel, Iron status in elite young athletes: gender-dependent influences of diet and exercise, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.38, issue.2, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2003.006635

A. Magnusson, An overview of epidemiological studies on seasonal affective disorder, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.101, issue.3, pp.176-184, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101003176.x

A. Régnier-loilier and J. Rohrbasser, Y-a-t-il une saison pour faire des enfants? Population & sociétés, pp.1-4, 2011.

S. Hsiang, K. Meng, and M. Cane, Civil conflicts are associated with the global climate, Nature, vol.84, issue.7361, pp.438-441, 2011.
DOI : 10.1162/003465302317332008

J. Healy, Excess winter mortality in Europe: a cross country analysis identifying key risk factors, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.57, issue.10, pp.784-789, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.57.10.784

M. Ghebre, S. Wannamethee, A. Rumley, P. Whincup, and G. Lowe, Prospective study of seasonal patterns in hemostatic factors in older men and their relation to excess winter coronary heart disease deaths, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol.373, issue.3, pp.352-358, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1

F. Ballester, C. D. Pérez-hoyos, S. Sáez, M. Hervás, and A. , Mortality as a function of temperature. A study in Valencia, Spain, 1991-1993, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.26, issue.3, pp.551-561, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/26.3.551

J. Rocklöv and B. Forsberg, The effect of temperature on mortality in Stockholm 1998???2003: A study of lag structures and heatwave effects, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, vol.104, issue.5, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ede.0000147114.25957.71

R. Eccles, An Explanation for the Seasonality of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Viral Infections, Acta Oto-Laryngologica, vol.50, issue.2, pp.183-191, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01137.x

A. Barnett, S. Sans, V. Salomaa, K. Kuulasmaa, and A. Dobson, The effect of temperature on systolic blood pressure, Environment and Scheduling in Track Races PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 7, pp.195-203, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/MBP.0b013e3280b083f4

C. Ardern, N. Taylor, J. Feller, and K. Webster, Return-to-Sport Outcomes at 2 to 7 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.40, issue.1, pp.41-48, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ptsp.2007.09.003

C. Ardern, K. Webster, N. Taylor, and J. Feller, Return to the Preinjury Level of Competitive Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.42, issue.1, pp.538-340, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ptsp.2007.09.003

A. Baker and Y. Tang, Aging Performance for Masters Records in Athletics, Swimming, Rowing, Cycling, Triathlon, and Weightlifting, Experimental Aging Research, vol.36, issue.4, pp.453-477, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/03610730590882855

G. Berthelot, S. Len, and P. Hellard, Exponential growth combined with exponential decline explains lifetime performance evolution in individual and human species, AGE, vol.12, issue.9, pp.1001-1009, 2012.
DOI : 10.1089/rej.2009.0882

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01724284

L. Bouter, P. Knipschild, J. Feij, and A. Volovics, Sensation seeking and injury risk in downhill skiing, Personality and Individual Differences, vol.9, issue.3, pp.667-673, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0191-8869(88)90164-X

M. Burtscher, H. Gatterer, and M. Flatz, Effects of modern ski equipment on the overall 349 injury rate and the pattern of injury location in Alpine skiing, Clinical Journal of Sport, vol.350

M. Eastlack, M. Axe, and L. Snyder-mackler, Laxity, instability, and functional outcome after ACL injury: copers versus noncopers, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.31, issue.2, pp.210-215, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199902000-00002

T. Flørenes, L. Nordsletten, S. Heir, and R. Bahr, Recording injuries among World Cup skiers and snowboarders: a methodological study, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.14, issue.2, pp.196-357, 2011.
DOI : 10.1520/STP25577S

M. Guillaume, S. Len, and M. Tafflet, Success and Decline, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.43, issue.11, pp.2148-2154, 2011.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821eb533

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01726062

J. Greenwood, G. Moses, F. Bernardino, G. Gaesser, and A. Weltman, Intensity of 361 exercise recovery, blood lactate disappearance, and subsequent swimming performance

A. Heijne, K. Axelsson, S. Werner, and G. Biguet, Rehabilitation and recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: patients' experiences, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.18, issue.3, pp.325-335, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00700.x

E. Heyman, B. De-geus, I. Mertens, and R. Meeusen, Effects of Four Recovery Methods on Repeated Maximal Rock Climbing Performance, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.41, issue.6, pp.1303-368, 1310.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318195107d

L. Huston and E. Wojtys, Neuromuscular Performance Characteristics in Elite Female 371

M. Hutchinson and M. Ireland, Knee Injuries in Female Athletes, Sports Medicine, vol.19, issue.4, pp.288-373, 1995.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-199519040-00006

G. Berthelot, M. Tafflet, N. Helou, S. Len, S. Escolano et al., Athlete Atypicity on the Edge of Human Achievement: Performances Stagnate after the Last Peak, in 1988, References Association of Road Racing Statisticians (ARRS), p.8800, 1988.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0008800.s007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00456455

G. Berthelot, V. Thibault, M. Tafflet, S. Escolano, N. Helou et al., The Citius End: World Records Progression Announces the Completion of a Brief Ultra-Physiological Quest, PLoS ONE, vol.174, issue.2, p.1552, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0001552.s005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01712689

A. N. Bosch, B. R. Goslin, T. D. Noakes, and S. C. Dennis, Physiological differences between black and white runners during a treadmill marathon, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.12, issue.1-2, pp.68-72, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00236696

P. Coetzer, T. D. Noakes, B. Sanders, M. I. Lambert, A. N. Bosch et al., Superior fatigue resistance of elite black South African distance runners, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.75, issue.4, pp.75-1822, 1985.
DOI : 10.1152/jappl.1993.75.4.1822

S. C. Dennis and T. D. Noakes, Advantages of a smaller bodymass in humans when distance-running in warm, humid conditions, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.79, issue.3, pp.79-280, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s004210050507

F. Desgorces, G. Berthelot, N. Helou, V. Thibault, M. Guillaume et al., From Oxford to Hawaii Ecophysiological Barriers Limit Human Progression in Ten Sport Monuments, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.11, p.3653, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003653.t002

E. Helou, N. Tafflet, M. Berthelot, G. Tolaini, J. Marc et al., Impact of Environmental Parameters on Marathon Running Performance, PLoS ONE, vol.106, issue.2, p.37407, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0037407.s003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01771526

M. R. Ely, S. N. Cheuvront, W. O. Roberts, and S. J. Montain, Impact of Weather on Marathon-Running Performance, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.39, issue.3, pp.487-493, 2007.
DOI : 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802d3aba

S. D. Galloway and R. J. Maughan, Effects of ambient temperature on the capacity to perform prolonged cycle exercise in man, Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise, vol.29, issue.9, pp.1240-1249, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199709000-00018

M. Hargreaves, Physiological limits to exercise performance in the heat, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol.11, issue.1, pp.66-71, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.07.002

M. J. Joyner, J. R. Ruiz, and A. Lucia, The two-hour marathon: who and when?, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.69, issue.1, pp.275-277, 1985.
DOI : 10.1249/mss.0b013e31814844c9

P. W. Kong and H. De-heer, Anthropometric, gait and strength characteristics of Kenyan distance runners, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, vol.7, pp.499-504, 2008.

H. B. Larsen, Kenyan dominance in distance running, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol.136, issue.1, pp.161-170, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00227-7

G. Lippi, E. J. Favaloro, and G. C. Guidi, The genetic basis of human athletic performance. Why are psychological components so often overlooked?, The Journal of Physiology, vol.586, issue.Suppl. 3, pp.3017-3019, 2008.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141887

D. G. Macarthur and K. N. North, Genes and human elite athletic performance, Human Genetics, vol.63, issue.5, pp.331-339, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00516.2003

F. E. Marino, Z. Mbambo, E. Kortekaas, G. Wilson, M. I. Lambert et al., Advantages of smaller body mass during distance running in warm, humid environments, Pfl???gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol.441, issue.2-3, pp.2-3, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s004240000432

A. M. Nevill and G. Whyte, Are there limits to running world records? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, pp.1785-1788, 2005.

K. Norton and T. Olds, Morphological Evolution of Athletes Over the 20th Century, Sports Medicine, vol.53, issue.4, pp.31-763, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)53329-9

O. 'brien and M. , Women and sport, Applied Ergonomics, vol.16, issue.1, pp.25-39, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-6870(85)90144-9

O. Connor, H. Olds, T. Maughan, and R. J. , Physique and performance for track and field events, Journal of Sports Sciences, pp.25-49, 2007.

V. O. Onywera, R. A. Scott, M. K. Boit, and Y. P. Pitsiladis, Demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners, Olympics at Sports Reference, pp.415-422, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/377590

B. Saltin, C. K. Kim, N. Terrados, H. Larsen, J. Svedenhag et al., Morphology, enzyme activities and buffer Marathon performance still in progress 531, 1995.

B. Saltin, H. Larsen, N. Terrados, J. Bangsbo, T. Bak et al., Aerobic exercise capacity at sea level and at altitude in Kenyan boys, junior and senior runners compared with Scandinavian runners, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.61, issue.4, pp.209-221, 1995.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199209000-00014

W. Schmidt, K. Heinicke, J. Rojas, M. Gomez, J. Serrato et al., Blood volume and hemoglobin mass in endurance athletes from moderate altitude, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.34, issue.12, pp.34-1934, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-200212000-00012

R. A. Scott, E. Georgiades, R. H. Wilson, W. H. Goodwin, B. Wolde et al., Demographic Characteristics of Elite Ethiopian Endurance Runners, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.35, issue.10, pp.35-1727, 2003.
DOI : 10.1249/01.MSS.0000089335.85254.89

A. Sedeaud, A. Marc, J. Schipman, M. Tafflet, J. Hager et al., How they won Rugby World Cup through height, mass and collective experience, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.46, issue.8, pp.46-580, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090506

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01778383

T. Vihma, Effects of weather on the performance of marathon runners, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.297-306, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/15438629509512048

A. R. Weston, O. Karamizrak, A. Smith, T. D. Noakes, and K. H. Myburgh, African runners exhibit greater fatigue resistance, lower lactate accumulation, and higher oxidative enzyme activity, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.261, issue.30, pp.86-915, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00943381

A. G. Williams and J. P. Folland, Similarity of polygenic profiles limits the potential for elite human physical performance, The Journal of Physiology, vol.73, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.113-121, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/377590

G. Abrams, P. Renstrom, and M. Safran, Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in the tennis player, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.46, issue.7, pp.492-498, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091164

K. Breznik and V. Batagelj, Retired matches among male professional tennis players, J Sports, vol.268

J. Chow, S. Park, and M. Tillman, Lower trunk kinematics and muscle activity during 270 different types of tennis serves, Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 271, vol.1, issue.1, pp.24-34, 2009.

A. Cools, G. Declercq, B. Cagnie, D. Cambier, and E. Witvrouw, Internal impingement in the tennis player: rehabilitation guidelines, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.42, issue.3, pp.165-171, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2007.036830

R. Cross and G. Pollard, Grand Slam men's tennis 1991-2009. Serve speed and other related 276 data, ITF Coach Sport Sci Rev, vol.16, issue.49, pp.8-10, 2009.

B. Elliott, G. Fleisig, R. Nicholls, and R. Escamilia, Technique effects on upper limb loading in the tennis serve, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol.6, issue.1, pp.76-87, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1440-2440(03)80011-7

B. Elliott, Biomechanics and tennis, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.40, issue.5, pp.392-396, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2005.023150

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2577481?pdf=render

M. Fahlström, J. Yeap, H. Alfredson, and K. Söderman, Shoulder pain - a common problem in world-class badminton players, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, vol.24, issue.3, pp.168-173, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70260-X

W. Garrett and . Jr, Muscle strain injuries, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.22, issue.4, pp.436-443, 1990.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199008000-00003

M. Guillaume, S. Len, and M. Tafflet, Success and Decline, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.43, issue.11, pp.2148-2154, 2011.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821eb533

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01726062

B. Hainline, Low back injury, Clin Sports Med, vol.14, issue.1, pp.241-265, 1995.

H. Hoeven, . Van-der, and W. Kibler, Shoulder injuries in tennis players, Br J Sports Med, vol.29440, issue.5, 2005.

J. Igor, G. Zoran, and L. Tajna, Prevalence and Topology of Pain in Professional Male and 296

J. Jacobsson, T. Timpka, and J. Kowalski, Injury patterns in Swedish elite athletics: annual incidence, injury types and risk factors, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.172, issue.1 Suppl, pp.935-936, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwq257

N. Jayanthi, O. Boyle, J. Durazo-arvizu, and R. , Risk Factors for Medical Withdrawals in 301

U. Johnson, Psychosocial antecedents of sport injury, prevention, and intervention: An overview of theoretical approaches and empirical findings, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, vol.20, issue.4, pp.352-369, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/S0033291700013301

M. King, B. Kentel, and S. Mitchell, The effects of ball impact location and grip tightness 311 on the arm, racquet and ball for one-handed tennis backhand groundstrokes, p.312

S. Knowles, S. Marshall, and K. Guskiewicz, Issues in estimating risks and rates in sports 314 injury research, J Athl Train, vol.41, issue.2, pp.207-215, 2006.

U. Kujala, S. Orava, and M. Järvinen, Hamstring Injuries, Sports Medicine, vol.23, issue.6, pp.397-404, 1997.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-199723060-00005

L. Meyer, L. Niekerk, . Van, E. Prinsloo, M. Steenkamp et al., Prevalence of 318 musculoskeletal injuries among adolescent squash players in the Western Cape

B. Nigg and B. Segesser, The Influence of Playing Surfaces on the Load on the Locomotor System and on Football and Tennis Injuries, Sports Medicine, vol.5, issue.6, pp.375-385, 1988.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-198805060-00003

G. Noffal, Isokinetic Eccentric-to-Concentric Strength Ratios of the Shoulder Rotator 323

O. Donoghue, P. Ingram, and B. , A notational analysis of elite tennis strategy, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.30, issue.2, pp.107-115, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199808000-00016

R. Perkins and D. Davis, Musculoskeletal Injuries in Tennis, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol.17, issue.3, pp.609-631, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pmr.2006.05.005

URL : http://www.med.nyu.edu/pmr/residency/resources/PMR clinics NA/PMR clinics NA_sports med/MSK injuries tennis.pdf

B. Pluim, B. Staal, and J. Tennis, In: Epidemiology of injury in olympic sports

. Blackwell and . Caine, Harmer ans Schiff, pp.277-293

B. Pluim, C. Fuller, and M. Batt, Consensus statement on epidemiological studies of medical conditions in tennis, April 2009, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.43, issue.12, pp.893-897, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2009.064915

B. Pluim, J. Staal, G. Windler, and N. Jayanthi, Tennis injuries: occurrence, aetiology, and prevention, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.40, issue.5, pp.415-423, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2005.023184

URL : http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/40/5/415.full.pdf

M. Reid and K. Schneiker, Strength and conditioning in tennis: Current research and practice, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol.11, issue.3
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.05.002

R. Sallis, K. Jones, S. Sunshine, G. Smith, and L. Simon, Comparing Sports Injuries in Men and Women, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.22, issue.6, pp.420-423, 2001.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2001-16246

K. Sell, B. Hainline, M. Yorio, and M. Kovacs, Injury trend analysis from the US Open Tennis Championships between 1994 and 2009, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.42, issue.7, pp.546-551, 1994.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2005.023218

D. Smedt, T. De-jong, A. Van-leemput, W. Lieven, D. Van-glabbeek et al., Lateral epicondylitis 343 in tennis: update on aetiology, biomechanics and treatment, Br J Sports Med, vol.34441, issue.11, pp.816-819, 2007.

P. Stanton and C. Purdham, Hamstring Injuries in Sprinting???The Role of Eccentric Exercise, Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, vol.10, issue.9, p.346
DOI : 10.2519/jospt.1989.10.9.343

V. Thibault, M. Guillaume, and G. Berthelot, Women and men in sport performance: the 348 gender gap has not evolved since 1983, J Sports Sci Med, vol.9, issue.2, pp.214-223, 2010.

S. Winge, U. Jørgensen, L. Nielsen, and A. , Epidemiology of Injuries in Danish Championship Tennis*, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.10, issue.05, pp.368-371, 1989.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2007-1024930

D. Wozniak, Gender differences in a market with relative performance feedback: Professional tennis players, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol.83, issue.1, pp.158-171, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.020

A. Sedeaud, Adrien Marck 1 , Fré dé ric Dor 1 , Julien Schipman 1 , Maya Dorsey 1 , Amal Haida 1,3

R. 1. Mcshea, D. Brandon, and R. , Biology's First Law: The Tendency for Diversity and Complexity to Increase in Evolutionary Systems, 2010.
DOI : 10.7208/chicago/9780226562278.001.0001

R. Floud, R. Fogel, B. Harris, and S. Hong, The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World since 1700, 2011.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511975912

R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, 1990.

K. Norton and T. Olds, Morphological Evolution of Athletes Over the 20th Century, Sports Medicine, vol.53, issue.4, pp.763-783, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)53329-9

A. Sedeaud, A. Marc, J. Schipman, M. Tafflet, and J. Hager, How they won Rugby World Cup through height, mass and collective experience, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.46, issue.8, pp.580-584, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090506

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01778383

O. Connor, H. Olds, T. Maughan, and R. , Physique and performance for track and field events, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.79, issue.2, pp.49-60, 2007.
DOI : 10.1079/BJN19920063

S. Pere, M. Kunnas, and A. Telkkä, Correlation between performance and physique in Finnish athletes, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.28, issue.2, 1954.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-92197-1

A. Marc, A. Sedeaud, M. Guillaume, M. Rizk, and J. Schipman, Marathon progress: demography, morphology and environment, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.86, issue.3, 2013.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141887

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01774199

A. Ward-smith, A mathematical theory of running, based on the first law of thermodynamics, and its application to the performance of world-class athletes, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.18, issue.5, pp.337-349, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(85)90289-1

K. Berg, Endurance Training and Performance in Runners, Sports Medicine, vol.8, issue.4, pp.59-73, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199701000-00016

T. Khosla, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEED OF RUNNING AND DISTANCE RUN, The Lancet, vol.303, issue.7845, p.30, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)93026-8

T. Khosla, Standards on age, height and weight in Olympic running events for men., British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.12, issue.2, pp.97-101, 1978.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.12.2.97

D. Garay and A. , GENETIC AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES OF OLYMPIC ATHLETES, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.7, issue.2, pp.125-126, 1974.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-197500720-00010

P. Weyand and J. Davis, Running performance has a structural basis, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.208, issue.14, pp.2625-2631, 2005.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.01609

URL : http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/208/14/2625.full.pdf

R. Peters, The Ecological Implications of Body Size, 1986.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511608551

K. Schmidt-nielsen, Scaling: Why is Animal Size so Important?, 1984.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139167826

K. Hirata and S. Horvath, Selection of Olympic Champions Institute of Environmental Stress, 1979.

K. Hirata, Physique and age of Tokyo Olympic champions, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, vol.6, pp.207-222, 1966.

G. Sleivert and D. Rowlands, Physical and Physiological Factors Associated with Success in the Triathlon, Sports Medicine, vol.22, issue.1, pp.8-18, 1996.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-199622010-00002

A. Bejan and J. Marden, Unifying constructal theory for scale effects in running, swimming and flying, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.209, issue.2, pp.238-248, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.01974

A. Bejan, E. Jones, and J. Charles, The evolution of speed in athletics: Why the fastest runners are black and swimmers white, International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, vol.5, issue.3, pp.199-211, 2010.
DOI : 10.2495/DNE-V5-N3-199-211

T. Samaras, A. Bartke, and C. Rollo, Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling: Physiological, Performance, Growth, Logevity and Ecological Ramifications, 2007.

N. Chu, Motor evoked potentials with magnetic stimulation: correlations with height, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, vol.74, issue.6, pp.481-485, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-5597(89)90039-7

J. Charles and A. Bejan, The evolution of speed, size and shape in modern athletics, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.212, issue.15, pp.2419-2425, 2009.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.031161

U. Bergh, B. Sjödin, A. Forsberg, and J. Svedenhag, The relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake during running in humans, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.23, issue.2, pp.205-211, 1991.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199102000-00010

M. Bourdin, J. Pastene, M. Germain, and J. Lacour, Influence of training, sex, age and body mass on the energy cost of running, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.8, issue.5, pp.439-444, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00599618

S. Maldonado, I. Mujika, and S. Padilla, Influence of Body Mass and Height on the Energy Cost of Running in Highly Trained Middle- and Long-Distance Runners, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.23, issue.4, 2002.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2002-29083

D. Morgan, P. Martin, and G. Krahenbuhl, Factors Affecting Running Economy, Sports Medicine, vol.7, issue.5, pp.310-330, 1989.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-198907050-00003

A. Bosch, B. Goslin, T. Noakes, and S. Dennis, Physiological differences between black and white runners during a treadmill marathon, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.12, issue.1-2, pp.68-72, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00236696

H. Larsen, Kenyan dominance in distance running, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol.136, issue.1, pp.161-170, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00227-7

P. Kong and H. De-heer, Anthropometric, gait and strength characteristics of Kenyan distance runners, Journal of sports Science and Medicine, vol.7, pp.499-504, 2008.

L. Pugh, The influence of wind resistance in running and walking and the mechanical efficiency of work against horizontal or vertical forces, The Journal of Physiology, vol.213, issue.2, pp.255-276, 1971.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009381

R. Deitrick, Physiological responses of typical versus heavy weight triathletes to treadmill and bicycle exercise, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, vol.31, pp.367-375, 1991.

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, J. Andonie, and G. Kohler, Influence of anthropometry on race performance in extreme endurance triathletes: World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.41, issue.10, pp.644-648, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2006.035014

F. Marino, Z. Mbambo, E. Kortekaas, G. Wilson, and M. Lambert, Advantages of smaller body mass during distance running in warm, humid environments, Pfl???gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol.441, issue.2-3, pp.359-367, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s004240000432

S. Dennis and T. Noakes, Advantages of a smaller bodymass in humans when distance-running in warm, humid conditions, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.79, issue.3, pp.280-284, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s004210050507

A. Weston, Z. Mbambo, and K. Myburgh, Running economy of African and Caucasian distance runners, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.32, issue.6, pp.1130-1134, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-200006000-00015

A. Nevill, E. Winter, S. Ingham, A. Watts, and G. Metsios, Adjusting athletes' body mass index to better reflect adiposity in epidemiological research, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.79, issue.9, pp.1009-1016, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/026404100365009

A. Watts, I. Coleman, and A. Nevill, The changing shape characteristics associated with success in world-class sprinters, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.85, issue.4, 2011.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511525650.010

A. Marc, A. Sedeaud, M. Guillaume, M. Rizk, and J. Schipman, Marathon progress: demography, morphology and environment, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.86, issue.3, 2013.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141887

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01774199

K. Norton and T. Olds, Anthropometrica: A Textbook of Body Measurement for Sports and Health Courses, 1996.

O. Shoval, H. Sheftel, G. Shinar, Y. Hart, and O. Ramote, Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Pareto Optimality, and the Geometry of Phenotype Space, Science, vol.8, issue.5710, pp.1157-1160, 2012.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-8-94

J. Iriarte-díaz, Differential scaling of locomotor performance in small and large terrestrial mammals, J Exp Biol, vol.205, pp.2897-2908, 2002.

F. Desgorces, G. Berthelot, A. Charmantier, M. Tafflet, and K. Schaal, Similar slow down in running speed progression in species under human pressure, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.73, issue.9, pp.1792-1799, 2012.
DOI : 10.1086/377590

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01769731

S. Brosh and J. Jenner, Injuries to rowers., British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.22, issue.4, pp.169-169, 1988.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.22.4.169

URL : http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/22/4/169.1.full.pdf

R. Shephard, Science and medicine of rowing: A review, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.67, issue.7, pp.603-607, 1998.
DOI : 10.1139/h93-025

B. Moorstein, Life expectancy of Ivy League rowing crews, JAMA, vol.205, p.106, 1968.

G. Haykowsky, M. Syrotuik, D. Taylor, D. Bell, and G. , The effect of 7 high-intensity rowing and combined strength and endurance training on left ventricular 8 systolic function and morphology, Int J Sports Med, vol.28, pp.488-494, 2007.

P. Hartley and G. Llewellyn, Longevity of Oarsmen, BMJ, vol.1, issue.4082, pp.657-669, 1939.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.1.4082.657

C. Prout, Life Expectancy of College Oarsmen, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.220, issue.13, pp.1709-1711, 1972.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1972.03200130039008

D. Warburton, C. Nicol, and S. Bredin, Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol.174, issue.6, pp.801-809, 2006.
DOI : 10.1503/cmaj.051351

R. Bize, J. Johnson, and R. Plotnikoff, Physical activity level and health-related 19 quality of life in the general adult population: a systematic review, Prev Med, vol.45, 2007.

R. Sallis, Exercise is medicine and physicians need to prescribe it! Br J Sports 22, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2008.054825

URL : http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/43/1/3.full.pdf

H. Predel, Marathon run: cardiovascular adaptation and cardiovascular risk, European Heart Journal, vol.24, issue.11, p.24, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00114-3

URL : https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-pdf/35/44/3091/17898607/eht502.pdf

S. Sarna, T. Sahi, M. Koskenvuo, and J. Kaprio, Increased life expectancy of world class male athletes, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.25, issue.2, pp.237-244, 1993.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199302000-00013

A. Gajewski and A. Pozna?ska, Mortality of top athletes, 2008.

. Poland, 1924-2000 follow-up study of the long term effect of physical activity

K. Norton and T. Olds, Morphological Evolution of Athletes Over the 20th Century, Sports Medicine, vol.53, issue.4, pp.763-783, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)53329-9

A. Sedeaud, A. Marc, J. Schipman, K. Schaal, and M. Danial, Secular trend: morphology and performance, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.12, issue.3, 2014.
DOI : 10.1080/02640414.2011.588957

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01778415

A. Sedeaud, H. Vidalin, M. Tafflet, A. Marc, and J. Toussaint, Rugby morphologies: " bigger and taller " , reflects an early directional selection, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, vol.53, pp.185-191, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01778398

A. Sedeaud, A. Marc, J. Schipman, M. Tafflet, and J. Hager, How they won Rugby World Cup through height, mass and collective experience, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.46, issue.8, pp.580-584, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090506

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01778383

P. Weyand and J. Davis, Running performance has a structural basis, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.208, issue.14, pp.2625-2631, 2005.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.01609

URL : http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/208/14/2625.full.pdf

A. Sedeaud, A. Marc, A. Marck, F. Dor, and J. Schipman, BMI, a Performance Parameter for Speed Improvement, PLoS ONE, vol.25, issue.2, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0090183.g004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01769542

T. Khosla, Age, height and weight of female Olympic finalists in running events., British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.19, issue.4, pp.214-216, 1985.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.19.4.214

A. Marc, A. Sedeaud, M. Guillaume, M. Rizk, and J. Schipman, Marathon progress: demography, morphology and environment, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.86, issue.3, 2013.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141887

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01774199

A. Ward-smith, A mathematical theory of running, based on the first law of thermodynamics, and its application to the performance of world-class athletes, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.18, issue.5, pp.337-349, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(85)90289-1

K. Berg, Endurance Training and Performance in Runners, Sports Medicine, vol.8, issue.4, pp.59-73, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199701000-00016

O. Connor, H. Olds, T. Maughan, and R. , Physique and performance for track and field events, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.79, issue.2, pp.49-60, 2007.
DOI : 10.1079/BJN19920063

N. Uth, Anthropometric comparison of world-class sprinters and normal populations, J Sports Sci Med, vol.4, pp.608-616, 2005.

G. Sleivert and D. Rowlands, Physical and Physiological Factors Associated with Success in the Triathlon, Sports Medicine, vol.22, issue.1, pp.8-18, 1996.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-199622010-00002

T. Anderson, Biomechanics and Running Economy, Sports Medicine, vol.22, issue.2, pp.76-89, 1996.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003

S. Padilla, M. Bourdin, J. Barthélémy, and J. Lacour, Physiological correlates of middle-distance running performance, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.63, issue.6, pp.561-566, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00602366

D. Morgan, P. Martin, and G. Krahenbuhl, Factors Affecting Running Economy, Sports Medicine, vol.7, issue.5, pp.310-330, 1989.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-198907050-00003

S. Maldonado, I. Mujika, and S. Padilla, Influence of Body Mass and Height on the Energy Cost of Running in Highly Trained Middle- and Long-Distance Runners, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.23, issue.4, pp.268-272, 2002.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2002-29083

M. Bourdin, J. Pastene, M. Germain, and J. Lacour, Influence of training, sex, age and body mass on the energy cost of running, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.8, issue.5, pp.439-444, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00599618

A. Lucia, J. Esteve-lanao, J. Oliván, F. Gómez-gallego, S. Juan et al., Physiological characteristics of the best Eritrean runners???exceptional running economy, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, vol.70, issue.5, pp.530-540, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/377590

A. Bejan and J. Marden, Unifying constructal theory for scale effects in running, swimming and flying, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.209, issue.2, pp.238-248, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.01974

J. Charles and A. Bejan, The evolution of speed, size and shape in modern athletics, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.212, issue.15, pp.2419-2425, 2009.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.031161

A. Weston, Z. Mbambo, and K. Myburgh, Running economy of African and Caucasian distance runners, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.32, issue.6, pp.1130-1134, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-200006000-00015

A. Bosch, B. Goslin, T. Noakes, and S. Dennis, Physiological differences between black and white runners during a treadmill marathon, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.12, issue.1-2, pp.68-72, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00236696

A. Watts, I. Coleman, and A. Nevill, The changing shape characteristics associated with success in world-class sprinters, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.85, issue.4, pp.1085-1095, 2012.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511525650.010

V. Thibault, M. Guillaume, G. Berthelot, E. Helou, N. Schaal et al., Women and men in sport performance: the gender gap has not evolved since 1983, J Sports Sci Med, vol.9, pp.214-223, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01778466